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Session 11






Language notes

Impersonal tenses

Most sentences use active verb tenses, in which the subject carrying out an action is specified, for example:
        Our neighbours will be having a party.      action by 'our neighbours'
        The school teacher bought the house.      action by 'the school teacher'

In an impersonal tense, we are not told who or what is carrying out the action, for example:
         A meeting will be held on Monday.            by whom? 
         The factory was built in 1880.                    by whom?
 
As with most other verb tenses in Welsh, the impersonal tenses can use either a short (cryno) form or a long (cwmpasog) form.

The short form present/future impersonal uses the ending -ir, with slight changes replacing 'a' by 'e' in some verb stems.  For example:

             siaredir Cymraeg yma                                    siarad
             Welsh is spoken here
             cynhelir cynhadledd ym mis Ionawr                cynnal
             a conference will be held in January

The short form past impersonal uses the ending -wyd.  For example:

             gwelwyd llawer o dwristiaid yn y pentref                        gweld
             many tourists were seen in the village
             dymchwelwyd y tŷ pan adeiladwyd y ffordd                   
             the house was demolished when the road was built






Some common verbs have irregular past impersonal forms:
              dod  -   daethpwyd
              mynd -  aethpwyd
              gwneud - gwnaethpwyd

These are heard fairly frequently in news announcements:    
               daethpwyd o hyd i gar yn yr afon
               a car was found in the river
               aethpwyd â dyn i'r ysbyty
               a man was taken to hospital   

The long form present/future impersonal uses mae and cael, or the present/future tense ceith, with the verb noun, for example:

               mae tocynnau yn cael eu gwerthu yma
     or       ceith tocynnau eu gwerthu yma     
               tickets are sold here
               mae'r cadeirydd yn cael ei hethol wythnos nesaf
     or       ceith y cadeirydd ei hethol wythnos nesaf
               the chairperson will be elected next week 

The long form past impersonal uses the past tense of cael with the verb noun:
               cafodd yr ysgol ei hagor yn 1990
               the school was opened in 1990  
               cafodd y ras ei cwblhau mewn amser record
               the race was completed in record time   

Although not often heard in everyday speech, the impersonal tenses are fairly commonly used in written documents.  Examples are: minutes of meetings, and announcements of forthcoming events.



Treigladau

In previous sessions we looked at a variety of situations in which a treiglad meddal is applied.  It would be useful to review some of these again:

After the article 'y' in the case of singular feminine nouns:
       Dringodd i'r graig i weld yr olygfa.                
       He climbed to the rock to see the view.            craig (f)   golygfa (f)

A treiglad is not applied after 'y' for masculine singular nor any plural nouns:
       Fe wnaethon ni fwydo'r ci a'r cathod.                  
       We fed the dog and the cats.                                     ci (m)   cath (f)

Adjectives following feminine singular nouns:
    Fe ymwelon ni â'r arddangosfa fawr ddiddorol.        
    We visited the large interesting exhibition.             mawr      diddorol   

A treiglad is not applied to adjectives following masculine singular nor any plural nouns:
  Gwnaethon ni brynu cadeiriau bach a bwrdd rhad.                                 
  We bought small chairs and a cheap table.        cadair (f)   bwrdd (m)  

Nouns which are preceded by an adjective:
       Mae gan yr hen ddyn wir wybodaeth.      
       The old man has true knowledge.            dyn (m)    gwybodaeth (f)

The numbers 'un' (feminine only) and 'dau/dwy' cause a treiglad:
      Mae gan un orsaf ddwy fynedfa a dau faes parcio.  
      One station has two entrances and two car parks.
                                         gorsaf (f)   myneddfa (f)    maes parcio (m)





A verb at the start of a negative sentence has a treiglad llaes if possible, otherwise a treiglad meddal:
         Chafodd e ddim dewis.
         He had no choice.                                                    cafodd

         Fydd y siop ddim ar agor yfory.                              
         The shop will not be open tomorrow.                          bydd

A verb at the start of a question has a treiglad meddal:
          Ddarllenodd e'r llyfr?                                           
          Did he read the book?                                              darllen

The word 'fe' or 'mi' at the start of a positive statement causes a treiglad:
         Fe gerddodd i mewn i'r dref.                                   
         He walked into the town.                                           cerdded

A treiglad meddal occurs after the second person singular pronoun 'dy':
        Hoffwn i deithio yn dy gar gyda dy fam.            
        I would like to travel in your car with your mother.
                                                                                   car (m)   mam (f)
A treiglad meddal occurs after the third person singular pronoun 'ei' when the pronoun replaces a masculine noun:
       Roedd ei llyfr hi yn fwy diddorol nac ei lyfr fe.                    
       Her book was more interesting than his book.                      llyfr 
        
A treiglad meddal occurs after many prepositions: am, ar, at, dan, dros, gan, heb, hyd, i, o, tan, trwy, wrth
     Cerddais trwy goedwig i lyn heb weld neb.                
     I walked through a forest to a lake without seeing anyone.  
                                                                  coedwig     llyn     gweld         



Idioms

The word 'wrth' can have several meanings in sentences:
 
while
       Gwelais ddyfrgi wrth gerdded ar hyd glan yr afon.
       I saw an otter while walking along the river bank.

to, in the context of expressing an emotion towards someone
       Roedd yr athrawes yn garedig wrth ei disgyblion.
       The teacher was kind to her pupils.

at, in the context of carrying out an activity
        Dechreuon nhw'r daith gyda Dafydd wrth y llyw.
        They began the journey with Dafydd at the wheel.

'wrth' occurs in a number of common phrases and idioms:

wrth eu bodd  - in their element, delighted
         Roedd y côr wrth eu bodd yn yr eisteddfod.
         The choir loved the eisteddfod.




wrth law - near at hand
         Fe symudon nhw i'r ardal oherwydd bod yr ysgol wrth law.
         They moved to the area because the school was near at hand.

wrth gwrs - of course
         Bydd yn rhaid i chi brynu tocyn, wrth gwrs.
         You will have to buy a ticket, of course. 

wrth reswm - obviously
         Mae'n cymryd amser hir, wrth reswm, i yrru o Fangor i Gaerdydd.
         It takes a long time, obviously, to drive from Bangor to Cardiff. 

wrth cefn - in reserve
        Mae ganddyn nhw arian wrth gefn ar gyfer unrhyw argyfwng.
        They have got money in reserve for any emergency.

wrth reddf - instinctively
         Sylweddolodd wrth reddf fod nam ar yr injan car.
         He realised instinctively that the car engine was faulty.






You are invited to translate this article into Welsh.



Vocabulary

career  gyrfa  noun (f);   coal miner  glöwr  noun (m);
working conditions  amodau gwaith;   dismiss  diswyddo verb;
suffragette  swffragét  noun (f);  rights  hawliau  noun (pl);

Kier Hardie


James Keir Hardie is remembered as the first leader of the Labour Party.
Originally from Scotland, he had a close connection with south Wales.
He was the Member of Parliament for Merthyr Tydfil.
Keir Hardie started working as a miner when he was eleven, spending twelve hours a day down the mine.
He taught himself to read and write.
He began his career in politics by establishing a workers` union in his coal mine.
Workers were trying to improve their wages and working conditions.
In 1881 he led the first miners` strike, and was dismissed as a result.
Keir Hardie was elected Member of Parliament for West Ham in London in 1892.
He fought for women`s rights, free education, pensions, and self-rule for India.
He lost his seat at the next election, but was re-elected Member of Parliament for Merthyr Tydfil in 1900.
Keir Hardie was elected as leader of the newly formed Labour Party in the House of Commons.
By 1910, forty Labour Members had been elected to Parliament.
Hardie led a protest in the House of Commons against the cruel treatment of suffragettes at Holloway Prison.
At the start of the First World War, Keir Hardie was a fervent pacifist.
The Labour Party continued with the work of Kier Hardie, supporting the rights of workers in the coal mines, factories and other industries.

Translate the sentence:

James Keir Hardie is remembered as the first leader of the Labour Party.



Suggested translation: (a number of alternatives acceptable)







Speaking and writing challenge


You are invited to speak in Welsh for a maximum of 3 minutes on the subject given below. Try to speak fluently, keeping your language simple and avoiding unfamiliar vocabulary.

What issue, or issues, do you think that politicians should focus on as a priority?

Before you begin speaking, make a list in Welsh of each key point that you want to mention. Enter the list in the box below, keeping each point to a few words in length:



When you have finished speaking, go back and expand each of the list items into a full sentence. Link the sentences to produce a final written article in Welsh.









Story

The set of icons below was randomly selected, and has been used to write a story.

You are invited to translate the story into Welsh.



Vocabulary

checkpoint rheolfan  noun (m/f);   maze  drysfa  noun (f);
raft  rafft  noun (f);  mansion  plasty  noun (m);
advertisement  hysbyseb  noun (f);  based on  seiliedig ar;
remote  anghysbell  adjective;  drop  gollwng  verb;
terrifying  dychrynllyd  adjective;  finish  diwedd  noun (m); 




Aled and Hugh are members of the village rugby team.
They keep fit by training every week.
One day, Aled was reading a newspaper and saw an advertisement by a television company.
They wanted teams of two competitors for a game show based on army training.
The teams would have to race across a remote area of mid Wales, carrying out challenges along the way.
`We can do this, Hugh`, said Aled in the pub that evening.
They applied, and a few months later found themselves at the old mansion which was the headquarters for the film crew.
`You will be dropped on a mountain top, then follow the route shown on your maps`.
`Not by parachute!` said one competitor.
`No, we have a helicopter`.
Aled and Hugh were the second of the four teams to be taken to the start point.
They found their way down from the mountain to the first check point in the forest.
Here they had to climb a rope ladder to the top of a horribly high tree, then cross a rope bridge to another tree.
`Well, that was terrifying` said Aled.
They ran on through the forest to reach the second check point at a lake.
Here they had to build a raft out of oil drums and paddle across the lake.
They continued through the forest, but it began to rain heavily and they became tired and slow.
They finally reached the third checkpoint at an old army camp.
They then had to find their way through a maze of underground tunnels which had been built during the Second World War.
They now needed to reach the finish at the mansion.
When they arrived, they saw that the other teams were already there.
`I guess that we didn`t win`, said Aled.
`No, but we won`t need to do any fitness training before next weekend`s rugby game`.

Translate the sentence:

Aled and Hugh are members of the village rugby team.

Suggested translation: (a number of alternatives acceptable)










Create your own story in Welsh

Click the button to randomly select a set of story icons:








Use of Welsh

Four Waterfalls Walk










Vocabulary

cavern  ceudwll  noun (m);  limestone  calchfaen  noun (m);
meadow  dôl  noun (f);  rapids  dyfroedd gwyllt  noun (pl);
below  islaw  preposition;  fence  ffens  noun (f);
impressive  trawiadol  adjective;



A highlight of the Brecon Beacons National Park is the area of spectacular waterfalls near the village of Ystradfellte.

A leaflet is being prepared to guide visitors on a walk to four of the waterfalls, beginning at the car park at Cwm Porth.  You are invited to translate the leaflet into Welsh.




Translate the sentence:

After arriving at the car park at Cwm Porth, take the footpath which descends to Porth yr Ogof.

Suggested translation: (a number of alternatives acceptable)








Description


Write four or five sentences in Welsh to describe the picture:







Understanding Welsh

Read the article, then write sentences in Welsh to answer the following questions:

What was the occupation of Merfyn Turner`s father?


What happened to Merfyn Turner during the Second World War?


What work did Merfyn Turner do after the war ended?


What were his reasons for wanting to help ex-prisoners?


What did Norman House provide for ex-prisoners?


What is the current policy of the Government in sentencing offenders?


Two Welsh prisons are mentioned in the article, Swansea and Berwyn. How are they different?




Y Cymro dreuliodd ei fywyd yn helpu carcharorion

Mab i weinidog oedd Merfyn Turner a bu`n byw mewn gwahanol ardaloedd o Gymru oherwydd gwaith ei dad, cyn iddo adael cartref, mynd i`r coleg a dechrau gweithio yn Llundain.

Pan ddechreuodd yr Ail Ryfel Byd fe wrthododd ymuno â`r fyddin oherwydd ei ddaliadau heddychol a chafodd ei ddedfrydu i dri mis o lafur caled yng ngharchar Abertawe - profiad fyddai`n newid ei fywyd.

Ar ddiwedd y rhyfel, ar ôl cyfnodau fel gweithiwr cymdeithasol yn Tiger Bay a gweithio gyda phobl ddigartref yn Llundain, dechreuodd ymweld â charcharorion yn Pentonville.

O`i brofiad personol roedd e wedi gweld bod bod yn y carchar yn dadbersonoli`r unigolyn, oedd yn ei sgil yn achosi lot o broblemau i rywun unwaith oedden nhw wedi gadael y carchar, i`r graddau bod bywyd tu allan i`r carchar yn anodd iawn ac yn arwain pobl yn aml iawn i ddilyn yr un patrwm a dychwelyd i`r carchar yn eitha` buan.

Roedd Merfyn Turner yn dadlau bod angen newid holl ethos y system gosb ac yn beirniadu`r diffyg cymorth i garcharorion oedd yn cael eu rhyddhau, yn enwedig o ystyried bod canran uchel o`r bobl oedd yn aildroseddu yn ddigartref.

Dadl Merfyn Turner ac eraill oedd bod angen creu llety safonol oedd yn ddiogel ac yn lân a fyddai hefyd yn noddfa i roi cefnogaeth i gyn-garcharorion.

Gyda chymorth elusen, yn 1954 fe agorodd Norman House yn Llundain - y tŷ hanner ffordd cyntaf ym Mhrydain. Roedd carcharorion yn cael eu gyrru yno ar ôl eu rhyddhau ac yn byw mewn criw bychan o hyd at 15 mewn awyrgylch teuluol - gyda Merfyn Turner yn `ben teulu`.

Oherwydd llwyddiant y tŷ, fe gafodd canolfannau ar draws Prydain eu modelu ar Norman House ac fe agorodd Merfyn Turner ail dŷ yn 1962 lle`r oedd y preswylwyr yn cael mwy o gyfrifoldebau.

Doedd pobl ddim yn gweld o fel gweithiwr cymdeithasol dosbarth canol arferol roedd yn cael ei dderbyn fel un ohonyn nhw mewn ffordd.

Dros y degawdau, gyda newid gwleidyddol, fe symudodd y pwyslais i ffwrdd o ganolfannau fel Norman House a thuag at garchardai mwy a chosbau llymach.

Mae`n bwysig cofio`r dyn, fu farw yn 1991 yn 75 oed, mewn cyfnod pan mai sefydliadau enfawr fel Carchar y Berwyn sy`n cael eu hadeiladu.



 
 

Story board


A story is outlined below as a series of numbered notes and pictures. You are invited to write the story in Welsh so that it could be displayed as an on-line blog or news item. If necessary, please feel free to add any additional details to develop the story.

Ffestiniog hydro-electric scheme

1

The Ffestiniog hydro-electric scheme is designed to store energy. It does this by pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir at times when unused electricity is available. At times of high demand, electricity can be generated by letting water flow back to the lower reservoir.

2

The lower reservoir is Llyn Ystradau, made deeper by building a dam across the river that flows out from it.

3

The upper reservoir is Llyn Stwlan, which has a much larger dam.

4

The power station is built on the shore of the lower lake.

5

In the power station are the four large machines which can either pump water or generate electricity.

6

Each machine contains a rotating electrical coil, which we see here being removed for mainenance. The electrical coils are attached to turbines in the huge pipes connecting the lower and upper reservoirs.











Enter each section of your story in Welsh in the boxes below:






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